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Evolution Korea Korean scientists don't take any chances in the fight over evolution. The Society for Textbook Revise (STR) has been campaigning to have the Archaeopteryx and horses taken out of textbooks, saying they are typical icons of evolutionism. Confucian practices that emphasize global success and the value of education, still dominate the country's culture. But Korea is in search of an entirely new model of development. Origins The growth of Iron Age cultures brought more sophisticated states to the Korean Peninsula, including Goguryeo and Baekje. All of them developed a unique cultural style that was influenced from their powerful neighbours. They also adopted aspects of Chinese culture, including Confucianism, Buddhism and shamanism. Goguryeo was the first of these kingdoms to impose its own version of government to the Korean people. It established a king-centered system of governance in the early 2nd Century. It expanded its territory into Manchuria and the north of the Peninsula with a series wars that drove the Han loyalists from the area. It was during this period that a regional confederation emerged known as Buyeo. In the Samguk yusa of the 13th century Wang Geon's name was listed as the king. Buyeo was then referred to as Goryeo and that is how the name Korea was born. Goryeo was a thriving commercial economy, and was a centre for education. The people who lived there cultivated crops and raised livestock such as sheep and goats. They also made furs from them too. They wrote poetry and dance-dramas with masks like sandaenori and tallori and they held a festival every year called Yeonggo in December. Goryeo’s economy was boosted through brisk trade, including with the Song Dynasty in China. Traders from Central Asia, Arabia, Southeast Asia and Japan came to Byeongnando, the gateway to Gaeseong, the capital city. Gaeseong. Silk and medicinal herbs were among the items they brought. Around 8000 BCE, the Koreans started to establish permanent settlements and began to cultivate cereal crops. They also created polished pottery, stone tools, and started organising themselves into clan societies. The Neolithic Age lasted until the 12th century BC. Around this time Gija, a prince from the Shang dynasty of China is believed to have brought a new high culture to Korea. Many Koreans believed, right up to the 20th century, that Gija and Dangun gave Korea their people and basic culture. Functions Korea's old development model that emphasized the importance of state-led capital accumulation as well as government intervention in industry and business, led to rapid economic growth, which took it from one of the world's poorest nations to the ranks of OECD countries in just three decades. The system was plagued by moral hazards and outright corruption. It was therefore not sustainable in an economy that is characterised by trade liberalization and democratic change. The current crisis has exposed the flaws of the old paradigm, and it's likely that an alternative model will emerge to replace it. The chapters 3 and 4 look at the genesis of Korea's state and business risk partnership and show how the new economic actors that had an interest in maintaining the system impeded Korea from making major changes. By focusing on corporate governance and allocation of financial resources the chapters provide an in-depth examination of the underlying causes of the crisis and point to the best ways to move forward with reforms. Chapter 5 examines the possible avenues for Korea's post-crisis development paradigm evolution, exploring both the legacies of the past, as well as the new trends triggered by the IT revolution. It also examines the implications of these developments for Korea's social and political structures. The main conclusion is that there are a variety of emerging trends that are changing the nature of power and will decide the future of the country. For instance, despite fact that participation in politics is still highly restricted in Korea new ways of political activism are able to bypass and challenge political parties, thereby transforming the democratic system in the country. Another significant finding is that the power of the Korean elite is not as powerful as it was in the past, and that a large segment of society feels a sense of disconnection from the ruling class. This fact points to the need to work harder to educate and participate in civic life, as well as for new models of power sharing. The chapter concludes that the success or failure of Korea's development paradigm will be determined by how these new developments can be combined with a willingness to make hard decisions. Benefits South Korea is the world's ninth-largest economy and sixth fastest growing. It has a huge and growing middle class, and also a strong research and development base that drives innovation. In addition the government has recently increased investment in infrastructure projects to aid growth in the economy and to promote social equity. In 2008, Lee Myung-bak's administration announced five leading indicators in an attempt to establish a new development system with a focus on change and practicality. It made efforts to streamline government operations, privatize public companies with greater efficiency, and reform the administrative regulations. Since the end of the Cold War, South Korea has been pursuing a strategy of economic integration with the rest of the region as well as beyond. Exports of high-tech consumer electronics as well as advanced manufacturing technologies have become a major source of income. Additionally, the government has been pushing the Saemaeul Undong (New Community Movement) initiative, transforming the country from an agricultural one to one that is that is focused on manufacturing. The country also has an extremely high standard of living, and provides many benefits for employees, such as maternity leave and job security. Additionally, employers are required to subscribe to accident insurance that covers payments related to work-related illness or injury. In addition, it is typical for businesses to offer private medical insurance that offers protection for illnesses that are that are not covered by the National Health Insurance. South Korea is viewed as an example of success for many emerging nations across the globe. However the global financial crisis that hit Asia in 1997 challenged this perception. The crisis shattering the conventional wisdom about Asia's miraculous economies and led to a fundamental reappraisal of the role of the state in regulating the risky private sector economic activities. In the wake of this shift the Korean future is still unclear. A new generation of leaders have taken on the image of an “strong leader” and are beginning to experiment with market-oriented policies. A powerful domestic power base makes it difficult to implement any fundamental change. Advantages The revival and influence of the creationists is a major hurdle for Korean science in its efforts to educate the public on evolution. While the majority of Koreans are in favor of teaching evolution in schools some creationist groups — led by a microbiologist named Bun-Sam Lim, the head of the Society for Textbook Revise (STR)—is insisting on its removal from textbooks. STR claims that teaching evolution promotes “atheist materialism” and paints an “unhopeful” worldview for students, which can cause students to lose faith in humanity. The roots of this anti-evolutionary sentiment are a bit ambiguous and varied. Some researchers suggest that it is due to religious belief, while others point to an increasing prevalence of anti-intellectualism, which has been exacerbated by growing political elite fragmentation along ideologies, regions, class, and gender. The one-sided populism, supported by powerful conservative think tanks, business interests and other influential groups has also contributed to the public's distrust of the scientific community. In the final analysis the study's findings regarding the widespread vulnerability highlight the need for targeted policy interventions that can reduce them before they occur. As Seoul continues to pursue its goal of becoming a more cohesive urban landscape, these findings provide a basis for the creation of a united push for more inclusion in its policies. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, pinpointing vulnerable neighborhoods and their occupants is essential to devise specific compassionate policy measures to ensure their safety and wellbeing. For instance, the high impact of the pandemic on Jjokbangs reflects socio-economic disparities which can increase vulnerability to natural and human-made disasters. To overcome this, South Korea needs a more inclusive civil society that brings all communities together to tackle the most pressing issues facing the city. This requires a fundamental change in the structure and power of the institution of politics. The Blue House can mobilize a large bureaucracy, and also use the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, and the intelligence bureau to exert influence on the political scene. These agencies aren't subject to any checks by institutions of the parliament or independent inspection agents. This gives the president a huge leverage to impose his or her vision on the rest of the nation. This can lead to partisanship that can lead to stagnation and polarization in the country.